The Extraordinary State Commission for the Establishment
and Investigation of the Crimes of the Nazi Invaders and Their Associates and
the Damage They Caused to Citizens, Collective Farms, Public Organizations, and
State Enterprises of the USSR was established by the Decree of the Presidium of
the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on November 2, 1942. It was tasked with registering
the crimes of the Nazis and the damage they caused to the Soviet state and its
citizens as well as establishing Nazi criminals in order to bring them to
justice. Local commissions were set up to investigate Nazi crimes. Several
million people were involved in the work. The commission collected about 4.3
million documents: from forensic reports and eyewitness testimonies to
"trophy" German documents and materials of Soviet courts. The
commission also participated in the preparation of Soviet documents for the
international Nuremberg trials and provided expert opinions to Soviet courts.
The value of many of the materials collected by the
Commission is unquestionable, but it should be noted that from the very
beginning it worked under the very specific conditions of the Stalinist regime.
According to Swedish researcher Nils Polsen, the commission did not aim to
collect impartial and independent information about crimes during the occupation.
Evaluations of its work are very different. Soviet researchers did not question
the Commission's data. Some modern scientists consider its figures exaggerated,
while others believe they are underestimated. For example, many researchers
note that the number of 200,000 dead in the Yanivsky camp, according to a
report by the Lviv Emergency Commission, is inflated.
The scale of German crimes was such that errors in
documenting them were inevitable. However, Soviet investigators tried not only
to expose Nazi crimes but also to hide their own (as was the case with the
Katyn shootings). Among the strengths of the materials collected by the
Extraordinary State Commission are a large number of eyewitness accounts,
which, however, were often given in fear of Soviet repression. It is estimated
that between 1943 and 1953, more than 320,000 Soviet citizens were arrested on
charges of collaborating with the Nazis.
An important aspect of Soviet postwar policy was the
total examination of the population in the occupied territories, as well as
repatriates to the USSR. In the postwar trials of "traitors of the
Motherland" and "accomplices of the Nazis", the materials of the
Extraordinary Commission’s investigations were actively used. The declared
struggle against Nazi criminals and collaborators became an instrument of mass
repression. Persecution and deportation were often an element of Soviet policy
and a means of putting pressure on various social groups. Thus, the wave of
mass arrests of Poles in January 1945 was intended to "encourage"
them to leave for Poland. Maria Kulczyńska, who was arrested in Lviv and sent
to forced labours in the Donbass, recalls:
At
the night of January 2-3, 1945, a wave of night arrests spread throughout Lviv.
This time, we were unable to understand the motives of the mass persecutions,
despite the experiences of 1939-1941. Only much later did we learn that Soviet
citizens, who had lived under German occupation for some time, were subject to
the so-called "state examination." […] After three years of German
occupation (from 1941 to 1944), the NKVD and NKGB judicial authorities
considered people like reichsdeutsche, volksdeutsche, Ukrainians fighting on
the German side, accomplices in robberies and murders committed on Jews to be
collaborators of the occupiers. Honest citizens were also examined under the
accusation of cooperation, in the broadest sense of the word: officials,
engineers, doctors, teachers, etc. Few people realized this situation, so
astonishment was as common as depression.
(Maria
Kulczyńska, Lwów-Donbas 1945)
Collectivization, the struggle against the
nationalist underground in Western Ukraine, and the famine of 1946–1947
stimulated the authorities to intensify their policies of repression and
deportation. In 1944-1946 36,609 people were deported from the western regions
of Ukraine to the northeastern regions of the USSR. The largest action to
deport the Western Ukrainian population was called Operation West and was
carried out in the autumn of 1947. Operational headquarters headed by Deputy
Minister of Internal Affairs of the Ukrainian SSR Mykola Diatlov was set up in
Lviv. Assembly points were set up in Lviv, Chortkiv, Drohobych, Rivne,
Kolomyia, and Kovel to receive "nationalist" families and send them
to special settlements. About 15,000 law enforcement officers were involved in
the deportation. Most of the deportees were peasants, some workers and
employees. Religious persecutions played a special role, as the liquidation of
the UGCC in 1946 was preceded by the mass terror of the NKVD in 1944–1946
against the hierarchs of the Greek Catholic Church in Galicia, led by
Metropolitan Yosyf Slipy. Thus, the basis of deportation policy in the USSR was
the search for "enemies of the people", "kulaks",
"hostile elements" and "counter-revolutionaries", and
repression became an effective mechanism for forced Sovietization.
