15th c. – a Gothic
stone house is built (fragments of typicaly Gothic Flemish bond brickwork made
of oversized bricks survive in the cellars)
1527 – the house is
burnt up in a fire.
16th c. – the
two-storied Gothic "Bohdanivska" house is rebuilt.
16th-17th cc. – the
Renaissance "Hryhorovychivska" house is constructed on the surviving Gothic
foundations and wall fragments.
Late 18th c. – a substantial
reconstruction is carried out: windows are changed, columns between the windows
and the separate entrance to the tavern are bricked up. The original segmental
window openings are replaced with rectangular ones. The vaulted premises are divided
with a wall instead of pillars; the eastern part of the room is dismantled and
a flat ceiling is arranged instead.
1872 – a part of the
roof is repaired; a new shingle roof covering is put.
1875 – a third story
is added, the roof receives a fireproof covering.
1881 – a
reconstruction of the ground floor premises is carried out.
1903 – the house is
sewered; vents are arranged in the cellars.
1904 – water closets
are made in place of "free-falling" ones.
Soviet time – some repair
and reconstruction works are done.
2005 – some field
research is conducted. During it some old Renaissance elements were discovered.
The townhouse
is situated at the intersection of two streets and thus two adresses are used
at the same time: 34 Virmenska str. and 2 Fedorova str. (formerly,
Bliakharska). Around 14th century the Lviv Armenian community
founded a new street parallel to the northern part of city fortifications.
Today it is known as Virmenska street. At this time the parcel where the house
is built emerged. Untill the 16th century the Armenian quater was
divided from the rest of the city by a gate, situated between Virmenska and
Krakivska streets. The parcel is located in the upper part of the street where its
housing is ruptured due to the neighbouring Dominican monastery.
The housing of
Virmenska street, as well as that of Ruska street and the Rynok square, was considered
one of the best in Lviv. As the Armenian community was the richest one in the
town, its members used to invite respectable local and visiting constructors to
build their houses. As early as the fifteenth century the street was paved with
cobblestones and had water supply and drainage systems. The Armenian community
played an important part in cultural life of the town. The following famous
figures can be mentioned in this connection: philosopher Stepanos of Lviv,
historian and writer Simeon Lehatsi (Symeon Lehaci, Սիմեոն Լեհացի), painters Pavlo
and Symeon Bohushovychs and others. Also, the first in Europe Armenian printing
house was located on this street, and an Armenian theatre gave performances
here. Besides, the Armenian ecclesiastical province led by a metropolitan
archbishop was the only one in North-Eastern Europe.
Martin
Gruneweg, a well-known merchant and traveller who wrote the oldest description
of Lviv, lived on Virmenska street from 1588 till 1594. Having taken monastic
vows in the Dominican order, he stayed for some time in the Lviv Dominican
monastery which blocked Virmenska street in its eastern end. Gruneweg described
lots of houses situated on this street, and sketched their layouts. He depicted
the house no. 34 on Virmenska street on a plan of the Dominican monastery drawn
in 1589.
Both Virmenska
street and the whole city were often on fire; in particular, in 1527 a fire
ruined the Gothic housing of the town. Later, Renaissance townhouses were built
instead. The new houses had fine white stone carvings, carved beam ceilings and
polychromy. They were reconstructed often as their owners changed frequently.
However, the most considerable construction changes took place in the Austrian
time, especially after 1870 when, according to a resolution of the Magistrate, wooden
shingle roofs had to be replaced by fireproof ones. It was also typical in this
time to add more floors to the buildings, and construct new staircases often
lit by skylights. Sometimes houses were reconstructed to a considerable degree.
In the course of these reconstructions, a lot of carved white stone
architectural elements were damaged or even destroyed. This included entrance
portals, richly ornamented window frameworks, old vaults and beam ceilings, other
details of architectural décor. Stone carvings were sometimes just beaten down
or roughly painted while ceilings were planked or plastered.
It is not known
exactly when the corner house was built but its fate was similar to that of the
rest of the houses on this street. The preserved Gothic foundations and
fragments of masonry walls were used in the reconstruction of the house after
the 1527 fire. At that time its name was "Bohdanivska". It could be entered
from the Dominikańska (Dominican) square; as depicted on the 1589 sketch by
Martin Gruneweg. It is not known if the house ever had an entrance from
Virmenska street.
At the turn of
the 17th century the "Bohdanivska" house became the possession of
Petro Hryhorovych, a rich Armenian merchant. And it was from his name that it got
its name "Hryhorovychivska". In 1600 Anna Pstrokońska, his wife, who came from the
village of Khotymyr near Peremyshliany, founded the church of St. Mary
Magdalene in Lviv. According to the 1614 testament, she bequeathed 5 thousand
guldens to the construction of this church. Petro Hryhorovych was a respectable
citizen; together with his brother Yosyp he was ennobled by the Austrian
emperor Rudolf II. Apart from commerce,
he was engaged in diplomatic service in Istanbul, Vienna, Warsaw and Moldova
where he perished in 1616.
According to a
1712 revision of Lviv houses, there was a shop or a tavern on the ground floor
of the "Hryhorovychivska" house. Two rooms (one bigger, one smaller) located on
the upper floor served as the owners appartment. The tavern (shop) occupied a
big room which had two windows facing Virmenska street and a door and a window
facing the Dominikanska square. The windows were separated by a column with a
carved capital and a smooth shaft which must have been polychromed. The same
quarter columns must have decorated the edges of the windows. The ceiling was
wooden and polychromed, with carved beams. To reinforce the long beams, which had
begun to bend, a cross carved joist was placed under them later. The middle
tract premises were vaulted. The western wall, which has been preserved, was
supported by buttresses. A vast room over the tavern had two windows facing
Virmenska street and two windows facing the Dominikanska square. Next to the
big room, there were also the owner’s bedroom and a room over the gate, each
having two windows facing the Dominikanska square. The ceilings in these rooms
were beamed, as it was case in the ground floor premises.
Hryhoriy
Nykorovych, the Lviv Armenian community’s clerk, lived in the house in the
second half of the 18th century; however, as the 1767 tax register testifies,
the house was still called "Hryhorovychivska". On one of the first detailed
plans of Lviv of the Austrian time, drawn by Joseph Daniel von Huber in 1777, it
was marked with number 125. Quite probably, the house was reconstructed
considerably in the late 18th century. Evidently that the windows
were changed then, and the interfenestral columns and the separate entrance to
the tavern were bricked up. The original segmental arches of the big niches of
the window openings were replaced with rectangular ones: boards were placed on
the level of their imposts, and the segments were bricked up. The vaulted
premises were divided with a wall instead of pillars. The eastern part of the
vault was dismantled and a flat ceiling was constructed instead. To reinforce
the imposts of the preserved part of the lunette vault two big beams were
placed under them. The room with the preserved vault was used as a kitchen, a
separate entrance leading there was arranged.
The house was
also changed by those who owned it in the nineteenth century. On a 1849
cadastral map the parcel was assigned number 194. In 1872 the owner Angela
Raymond, having received permission of the Magistrate, renewed a part of the
roof which leaked and made a new wooden shingle roofing. The house had two
floors till 1875 when Teodora Kreuter, a new owner, added a third floor with
and a new roof covered with fireproof material, as the Magistrate’s resolution
dated 22 April 1875 demanded.
According to
archival records, in 1881 the commissariat of the central part of the city was
located on the house's ground floor. Also, an official named Kisielka had an
appartment here. During this year the premises were reconstructed. The
following works were scheduled in the documents: 1) to paint the premises; 2)
to make new stoves; 3) to brick up the window between the kitchen and the
official room and to make windows between the kitchen, on the one part, and the
entryway and the living room, on the other part, with the aim of lighting the
kitchen. Regarding the third point, the building administration suggested that
the window should be bricked up either completely, or only a narrow upper strip
of it be left — so that people who use the kitchen would not able to let out
smells or to look into the office.
In 1903 the
house was sewered. Its new owners, the Society of the Servants of St. Giles led
by Jadwiga Papara, constructed, with the permission of the Magistrate, a
concrete channel 33.9 m long and 30 cm wide on Virmenska street and connected
it to the town channel to drain soil waters from the cellars. At the same time,
vents were made in the cellars. However, only water drainage was made according
to this project while the sewerage remained the same. After the Society of
Galician Physicians, the owners of the neighbouring house number 11 on
Dominikanska (now Stavropihiyska) street, filed a complaint in 1904, it turned
out that there is no sewage collector in the house number 2 on Bliakharska (now
Fedorova) street, and the contents of the cesspools were going straight to the
town channel. Because of that the Magistrate obliged the owners of the house
number 2 to replace the “free-falling” closets with water ones; this was done
according to an appropriate project in the same year.
Some repair
works were conducted in the Soviet time. As a result, a small room on the
ground floor was divided in two parts. The door from the entryway to this room
was bricked up. Instead of a window, an entrance to the separated room was cut.
Also, bathrooms were arranged in the former kitchen.
In 2005 the
ground floor premises were bought out to open a restaurant there. In the course
of preliminary works a wooden beam and joist ceiling was discovered. All the
beams are carved, typical of the Lviv Renaissance houses of the 16th-17th
centuries. The polychromy of the ceiling has darkened a bit under the influence
of time. A stone interfenestral column was discovered in the wall from the side
of Virmenska street. A deep semicircular niche was discovered in the eastern
wall, as well as an arcature consisting of three semicircular arches with
simple white stone toes in the western wall. Some fragments of Gothic Flemish
bond brickwork, made of oversized bricks, have been preserved in the outer
walls of the house. A white stone with a trace from the lost vault's impost has
been preserved in the eastern wall of the second tract, as well as a few small
semicircular niches in the western wall. White stone window frameworks with
destroyed carving on them were discovered on the façade. All the fragments that
were discovered give us good reason to date the house to the 15th-16th
centuries.